英汉对比法律语言学讲稿（四.ppt

  英汉法律语言句法特征  主语突出与话题突出 组织句子时，英语首先要确定主语。 主语确定后，后面的动词、代词才能在人称、数上与它保持一致；汉语在组织句子时没有这么多限制，能放在动词前面的成分比较灵活。英语是主语突出的语言。 1.英语句子中的主语不可或缺 除了祈使句和某些惯用语里的主语可以省略，英语的句子一般不能缺少主语。如果没有实在的主语，也需要一个虚的主语（如it,there)。而汉语句子不一定要有主语，无主语和省略主语的句子很常见。 a.There seems something wrong about it. 好像有点不大对头。 b.1980年就提出政治体制改革，但没有具体化，现在应该提到日程上来。 Early in 1980 it was suggested that we reform the political structure, but no concrete measures to do so were worked out. Now it is time for us to place political reform on the agenda. 2.英语中出现在主语位置的句子成分必须具有名词性特征 Getting up early is considered a good habit. That he was a American citizen did not seem to matter to the immigration officers. 3.英语常用物和事做主语；汉语常用人做主语 a. Words failed me. 我说不出话来。 b. It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife. 他想把这桩事全部交由妻子打理。 4. 汉语中，任何事物都可以成为话题。话题不是主谓宾那样的语法成分，而是说话人陈述和说明的对象。汉语句子形式多样，有时则找不到能做主语的成分。汉译英时要增补主语和重新确定主语。 1)增补主语 a. 不到长城非好汉。 He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man. b. 去哪儿出差了? Where did you go on business? 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。 It is a great pleasure to meet friends from afar. 预计产量将提高20%。 It is estimated that the output will increase by 20%. f.重要的不是谁统治我们，而是看他怎样统治。 It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us. g.那里站着一个穿制服的人。 There stand a man in uniform. 2)重新确定主语 （1）英语中名词占优势，汉语中动词占优势。英语句子中常用抽象名词或名物化结构做主语，因此汉译英时可以考虑通过词类转换将动词转换为抽象名词或名词化结构，并将其置于主语位置。 a.一看到这条河，我便想起了我的家乡。 The sight of the river reminds me of my hometown. b. 你瞧，我要是一天看不见你，我心里就发慌。 One day without you drives me frantic. 除了动词, 还可以将其他词类转换为名词性成分充当英语句子里的主语。 c. 儿子考试不及格，他非常生气，结果就和妻子吵了起来。 His anger over the boys failure in the exam led him to quarrel with his wife. (2)时间或处所名词做主语 时间或处所名词做主语在英语中较常见，汉译英时可以考虑选择时间和处所名词做主语。 a. 经济发展比较快的是1984至1988年。 The years from 1984 to 1988 witnessed comparatively rap