小学语法知识.docVIP

小学语法知识 一.名词: 名词单复数，名词的格 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词 可数名词有:apple desk pen pencil box 不可数名词有:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea (一)名词单数变复数 1(一般情况，直接加-s，如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es， 如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3(以―辅音字母+y‖结尾，变y为i, 再加-es， 如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4(以―f或fe‖结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es， 如:knife-knives leaf --leaves wife--wives 5、以字母o 结尾的加es 的有:hero Negro tomato potato 其他以o 结尾的都加s 如zoo photo 6(不规则名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, 7、单复同形: fish-fish, people-people, sheep-sheep 8、中日不变 英法变，其他s加后面 Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese Frenchman --Frenchmen English man---Englishmen German---Germans (二)名词的格 (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格: a) 单数后加 ‘s 如: Lucy‘s ruler my father‘s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ‘如: his friends‘ bags Teachers‘ Day c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ‘s children‘s shoes 并列名词中，如果把 ‘s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike‘s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 要表示所有物 不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加‘s Tom‘s and Mike‘s cars 汤姆 和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用― of ，名词‖来表示所有关系: 如:a picture of the classroom a map of China 二.冠词: 1.不定冠词，定冠词种类: (1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle 元音音素开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alar m clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an exam ple / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / (2)定冠词:the the egg the plane 2. 用法: 定冠词的用法: (1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk. (2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new. (3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren‘t at school. (4)在序数词前: John‘s birthday is February the second. (5)用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况: (1)专有名词前:China is a big country. (2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等: This is my baseball. (3)复数名词表示一类人和事: Monkeys can‘t swim. They are teachers. (4)在节日，日期，月份，季节前: Today is Christmas Day. It‘s Sunday. (5)