挪威水电开发和生态环境保护的经验与启示.docVIP

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挪威水电开发和生态环境保护的经验与启示.doc

PAGE PAGE 1 挪威水电开发与生态环境保护的经验与启示 摘要:挪威水电开发历史悠久,在长期的发展过程中,积累了丰富的水电开发技术和管理经验,形成了成熟完善的管理制度和法律体系,保障了水电开发科学有序进行。为减缓水电开发对生态环境的不利影响,挪威通过设定严格的环境影响评价和许可论证制度,建立环境保护基金,规定最小河流流量等措施维护河流生态健康,促进了水资源的可持续发展。挪威以本国廉价的水电资源开发促进了高耗能工业的发展,获得了强有力的国际市场竞争能力,为国内经济发展奠定了稳定基础。本文总结了挪威水电开发过程中生态环境保护方面所取得的经验,以期对我国水电的建设和发展提供借鉴和参考。 关键词:挪威;水电开发;生态环境保护;启示 Experience and Revelation of Hydropower Development and Eco-environment Protection in Norway Abstract: Hydropower development in Norway has a long history, rich experiences about techonolgy and management in hydropower has been accumulated, managing and legal system become more and more perfect, which ensure the hydropower development process scientific and orderly. To alleviate the bad influence of eco-environment that caused by hydropower development, The Norway government establish strict envirommental impact assesment system and licence system, set a fun for eco-environment protection, prescribe the least flux of rivers and so on. And all these measures accelerate continuable development of water resource in Norway. Based on the low-cost hydropower resource, high energy consumption industry in Norway develops rapidly, and take up a position during the competition of international market, which lays a foundation for internal economic development This paper summarizes the experience of hydropower development and eco-environment protection in Norway, which may provide some references for hydropower development of China. Key words: Norway; Hydropower development; Eco-environment protection; revelation 挪威位于北欧斯堪地纳维亚半岛的西北部,国土面积386974km2,人口452.5万。挪威号称“水电之国”,水能发电的比例占到总量的99%以上,是世界上水电比例最高的国家。其水电年均发电总量在世界排名第六位,在欧洲排名第一位。挪威境内水力资源非常丰富,水电已开发量占可开发量的63%以上。水电产业历史悠久,在水政策法规制定、水生态恢复,特别是在正确处理水电开发与水生态环境保护关系等方面取得了许多经验,值得我们借鉴和参考。 1 挪威水资源管理 1.1 水资源管理的责任 挪威水资源和能源局(NVE)担负着水资源管理责任,在其责任范围内进行了广泛的科学研究和开发保护。针对包括水产养殖设施、小型水电站、沿河道或跨河道建设、砂石开采工程等各种类型的河道工程,NVE根据大小工程的不同要求,制定了相应的指导措施,包括降低水位措施、堤坝建设、防洪计划等。 NVE所属的水文部门负责研究水文循环和收集水资源管理所需的基础信息,安全部门开展执行检查、提供咨询以及大坝安全技术培训等任务。基于挪威的水库主要用于发电

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