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Company Logo 二、逻辑分析的基本方法 2.1 通过概念分析达到概念的明晰性 2.11生活的意义是什么？（What’s the meaning of life?) Russell: What is the meaning of “meaning of life”? I suppose what is intended is some general purpose. I do not think that life in general has any purpose. It Just happened. But individual human beings have purposes. (Russell: What is an Agnostic) 你现在学习的是第14页，课件共40页 Company Logo 什么是生命？ 生命是如何产生的？ 人的一生应该怎样度过？ 生命的目的是什么？ 如果幸福是生活的目的，怎样才能获得幸福？ 如果存在着普遍的生命意义，是否所有的人都要过同样的生活？ 在我们的世界里是否一些事物比另一些事物更有价值？价值是什么？ 我为什么存在？ 我的生活的目的是什么？人不为已，天诛地灭？ 我应该从事什么事业？建立怎样的家庭和过怎样的家庭生活？我应该怎样对待同学、同事、朋友、亲人、邻居、陌生人？ …… 你现在学习的是第15页，课件共40页 Company Logo 2.12 定义 定义的基本要求： 定义项与被定义项外延相同 定义项与被定义项内涵和外延相同 定义的种类： 直指定义 ostensive definition 语词定义 用法定义 你现在学习的是第16页，课件共40页 Company Logo 2.13 概念分析举例 罗素：摹状词理论 The Golden Mount does not exist. The present king of France is bald. George IV wished to know whether Scott was the author of Waverley. 塔斯基（A. Tarski):“真（理）“的形式语义学定义 本页最后一句话是假的。 你现在学习的是第17页，课件共40页 Company Logo 2. 通过语句分析达到命题的明晰性 2.1明确的意义标准 一个语句S是有（认识）意义的iff是可检验的。 一个语句的意义就是它的真假条件 2.2正确的逻辑形式：语句的语法形式并不是它的真正的逻辑形式 弗雷格：The Greeks defeated the Persians at Plataea The Persians was defeated by the Greeks at Plataea 你现在学习的是第18页，课件共40页 Company Logo “and I haven’t sent the two Messengers, either. They’re both gone to the town. Just look along the road, and tell me if you can see either of them.” “I see nobody on the road”. Said Alice. “I only wish if I have such eyes,” the King remarked in a fretful tone. “To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance too! Why, it’s as much as I can do to see real people, by this light.” 你现在学习的是第19页，课件共40页 Company Logo “Who did you pass on the road?” The King Went on, holding out his hand to the Messenger for some hay. “Nobody,” said the Messenger. “Quite right,” said the King. “This young lady saw his too. So of course Nobody walks slower than you.” “I do my best,” the Messenger said in a sullen tone. “I’m sure nobody walks much fast