组胚introduction and epithelium单击此处编辑母版标题.pptxVIP

Histology;Chapter 1 introduction;Chapter 1 introduction; organ- four tissues are arranged orderly to carrying certain functions system- several organs with related functions consist a kind of system; The benefit bridge subject of anatomy,biochemistry,physiology and pathology. If you want to master those subjects, you must have knowledge of the subjects. Histology will introduce the structures and functions of organelles and cells. ; Only understanding the normal structures of cells and tissues,the later study task become easier and more effective. It is impossible to study the abnormal before the normal is known. ; Light microscopy 1 Preparation of tissues The routine histological preparation and examination is a paraffin sectioning stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H-E). ; 1 Obtaining the specimen The fresh tissues are cut into small cubic pieces (no more than 1cm) in size. 2 Fixation The tissues are rapidly fixed by immersing them in chemical fixative to preserve their structural organization. ; 3 Dehydration The purpose of dehydration is to replace the water in tissues by alcohol. 4 Clearing The purpose of clearing is to replace alcohol and transparentize tissues,and to prepare paraffin embedding. ; 5 Embedding the tissues and melted paraffin are poured into a mold and allowed to cool and harden. ; 6 Sectioning With a paraffin microtome, the embedding materials are cut into several micrometer thick sections. ; Prior to staining, paraffin section are dewaxed with xylene and rehydrated with alcohol. Then sections are stained firstly with hematoxylin . The later stage are stained with eosin. ; Hematoxylin is a basic dye which can binds acidic components (nuclear chromatin) of cells and tissues and show a bluish purple color. Generally, the components by haematoxylin staining are called basophilic. . ; Eosin as an acidic dye binds to bas