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1. TheAmericanTranscendentalistsformedaclubcalled. theTranscendentalClub wasregardedasthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.Washington Irving Atnineteenpublishedinhisbrothernsewspaper,hisJonathanOldstyle satiresofNewYorklife. InWashingtonIrvingwsorkappearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthe firstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.TheSketchBook ThefirstimportantAmericannovelistwas.JamesFenimoreCooper JamesFenimoreCoopersnovelwasarousingtaleaboutespionageagainst theBritishduringtheRevolutionaryWar.TheSpy ThebestofJamesFenimoreCooperssearomanceswas.ThePilot ToaWaterfowlisperhapsthepeakofswork;ithasbeencalledbyan eminentEnglishcritic“themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.”WilliamCullen Bryant wasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoetintheworld literature. EdgarAllanPoespoemisperhapsthebestexampleofonomatopoeiainthe Englishlanguage.TheBells EdgarAllanPoespoemwaspublishedin1845asthetitlepoemofa collection.TheRaven FromHenryDavidThoreausConcordjailexperience,camehisfamousessay. CivilDisobedience Bythe1830sWashingtonIrvingwasjudgedthenationsgreatestwriter,aloftypositionhelatersharedwithJamesFenimoreCooperandWilliamCullenBryant. Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theattitudeofAmericanwriterswasshapedbytheirNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionofEurope. Asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematical. ThefoundationofAmericannationalliteraturewaslaidbytheearlyAmericanromanticists. Atmid-19thcentury,aculturalreawakeningbroughtafloweringofNewEngland. Romanticwritersinthe19thcenturyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayedincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters. Withavastgroupofsupportingcharacters,virtuousorvillainous,JamesFenimoreCoopermadetheAmericaconsciousofhispast,andmadetheEuropeanconsciousofAmerica. NootherAmericanpoeteversurpassedEdgarAllanPoesabilityintheuseofEnglishasamediumofpuremusicalandrhythmicbeauty. TheFalloftheHouseofUsherisoneofEdgarAllanPoesshortstories. RalphWaldoEmerson