表面张力及表面能.pptxVIP

1;表面现象;第2页/共96页;表面现象;表面张力与表面自由能;表面张力?(Surface Tension);;;表面张力?(Surface Tension);;表面自由能(Surface Free Energy);表面自由能(Surface Free Energy);表面自由能(Surface Free Energy);表面自由能(Surface Free Energy);表面自由能与表面张力;表面自由能与表面张力;若以表面自由能的单位：J/m2来表示，其数值应该为多少？;Table 2.1: Surface tensions γ of some liquids at different temperatures T.;表面张力的微观成因;思考题;;;4. 影响纯物质的γ的因素;一些液体的表面张力;一些油水界面张力（20℃）;小结： 表面张力与表面自由能;Figure 2.2: Schematic set-up to verify Eq. (2.2) and define the surface tension;第27页/共96页;;;How can we interpret the concept of surface tension on the molecular level?;;;;;;;;;例题;弯曲液面下的附加压力Curved liquid surfaces with additional pressure;弯曲液面的力平衡条件;弯曲液面的力平衡条件;弯曲液面的力平衡条件;From a comparison of similar triangles, it follows that ;If the surface is to be in mechanical equilibrium, the two work terms as given must be equal, and on equating them and substituting in the expressions for dx and dy, the final result obtained is ;第46页/共96页;第47页/共96页;;毛细现象;弯曲液面的力平衡条件;弯曲液面的力平衡条件;Capillary rise problem;;Capillary rise problem;;在298K和下，将直径为1μm的毛细管插入水中，问需要外加多大的压力才能防止毛细管内的水面上升？或不加额外的压力，让水面上升，达平衡后管内液面上升了多高？（己知该温度下水的表面张力为，水的密度为1000kg/m3，设接触角为0°，重力加速度为）;Techniques to measure the surface tension;;Maximum-bubble-pressure method;表面张力测定装置 ;Drop-weight method;第62页/共96页;ring tensiometer, called also the Du-Noüy tensiometer;theWilhelmy plate method;吊片法;脱环法(环法);滴体积法：;停滴法和悬滴法：;表面过剩和吉布斯等温吸附式(surface excess and Gibbs adsorption isotherm);Effects of simple electrolytes on the surface tension of water: (a) LiCl; (b) NaCl;(c) NaBr.; 1. 非表面活性物质 如无机盐、不挥发酸碱以及蔗糖、甘露醇等多羟基有机物的水溶液;表面过剩和吉布斯等温吸附式;在溶液中，1mol溶剂A中所含溶质B的摩尔数;定义：;稀溶???中;讨论：;为了证实吉布斯公式，有人做了下列实验，在25℃时配制一浓度为的苯基丙酸溶液，然后用特制的刮片机在310cm2的溶液表面上刮下溶液，经分析可知表面层与本体溶液浓度差为 .试根据此计算表面吸附量。另外，已知不同浓度 下该溶液的表面张力 为：;Which is commonly used for dilute solutions of nonionic surfactants containing no other materials.;For solutions of a completely dissociated surfactant of the 1:1 electrolyte type, M+R-, as the only solute, ;For 1:1 type ionic surfactant dilut