离散数学英文讲义：1-4 Nested Quantifiers.pptVIP

Company Logo L o g o L o g o * Discrete Mathematics Dr. Han Huang South China University of Technology * Section 1.4 Chapter 1. Logic and Proof, Sets, and Function * Contents Translating Statements Involving Nested Quantifiers 1 Translating Statements Into Logical Expressions 2 Negating Nested Quantifiers 3 The Order of Quantifiers 4 * Translating Statements Involving Nested Quantifiers * Example 1 ?x ?y (x + y = y + x) says that x + y = y + x for all real number x and y. ?x ?y (x + y = 0) says that for every real number x there is real number y such that x + y = 0. * Example 2 ?x ?y ((x 0) ? (y 0) ? (xy0)) The statement says that for every real number x and y, if x 0 and y 0, then xy0. “The product of a positive real number and a negative real number is negative real number.” * Example 3 ?x (C(x) ? ?y (C(y) ? F(x, y))), where C(x) is “x has a computer,” F(x, y) is “x and y are friends”, and the universe of discourse for both x and y consists of all students in your school. Every student in your school has a computer or has a friend who has a computer. * Example 4 ?x ?y ?z ((F(x, y) ? F(x, z) ? (y≠ z)) ? ? F(y, z)) where F(a, b) means a and b are friends and the universe of discourse for x, y and z consists of all students in your school. There is a student none of whose friends are also friends with each other. * Translating Statements Into Logical Expressions * Example 5 F(x) represents “x is female” P(x) represents “x is a parent” M(x, y) represents “x is the mother of y” “If a person is female and is a parent, then this person is someone’s mother” ?x ((F(x) ? P(x)) ? ?y M(x, y)) ?x ?y ((F(x) ? P(x)) ? M(x, y)) * Example 6 B(x, y) represents “y is the best friend of x”. ?x ?y (B(x, y) ? ?z ((z ≠ y) ? ? B(x, z))) “Everyone has exactly one best friend.” * Example 7 P(w, f) represents “w has taken f ” Q(f, a) represents “f is a flight on a ” R(w, f, a) represents “w has taken f on a ” “There is a woman who has taken a flight on every airli