《动物生态学原理》（第3版）第4章 群落生态学 (4.1 群落概念).pptVIP

新疆乌什拉东20公里左右的荒漠 甘肃西部的黑戈壁 （1）具有一定的种类组成； （2）群落中各物种之间是相互联系的； （3）群落具有自己的内部环境； （4）具有一定的结构； （5）具有一定的动态特征； （6）具有一定的分布范围； （7）具有边界特征； （8）各物种在群落中的地位不同。 1.2 群落的基本特征 生态学界存在两种截然对立的观点 1.3 Property of community The Organismic school (机体论派) hold that community is a real organic entity, and the organized assemblage of species populations. That is, community has certain tissue structure, can develop and eventually die as organism does. The Individualistic school (个体论派) argued that community is not entity but a group of organism that are gathered from the continuously changing population combination by ecologist. 1.3 群落的性质 （1） 机体论派（The Organismic school）： 将植物群落看成生物有机体，演替相当于有机体的出生、生长、发育、成熟、死亡的过程（Clements）。 植物群落分类与有机体分类相似：物种（有机体）和群落（植被）都是分类的基本单位（Braun-Blanquet）。 认为将群落看成是有机体不妥（Gleason）：群落的存在依赖于特定的生境与不同物种的组合，环境不断连续变化，群落边界不清。 有机体死亡器官死亡，但群落衰亡不等于物种种群消失； 相同物种的所有个体遗传特征非常相似，但组成群落的物种的遗传特征可以差别巨大。 Although the individualistic school gradually got the run upon (占上风) from 1970, up to now the argument between the two schools continues. Differences The Organismic school The Individualistic school Occasional or organized ? Organized system Purely occasional aggregate of individuals Whether is the organize unit or not in nature? The really existing organized unit, not the results of the taxonomy Random combination, not the organized unit Borderline Existing obvious boundary between them Community is continuous, and between them the boundary is unobvious Representative author Braun-blanquet, Clements, Tansley Ramensky, Gleason, Lenoble Viewpoint of two school 1.4 Incompactedness of community structure and ambiguity of boundary Incompactedness of community structure: Although community has a certain structure, it is irregular and incompact compared to that of organism or machine. Ambiguity of boundary: Unlike an organism or machine, the boundary of a community is unclear. Sometimes, there is a broad transitional zone between communities such as forest and grassland. * 1.1 群落的概念 1.1.1 定义及发展