ICU多重耐药菌流行现状与控制方法070611r.pptVIP

Introduction of every new class of antimicrobial drug is followed by emergence of resistance. By the 1950s, penicillin-resistant S. aureus were a major threat in hospitals and nurseries. By the 1970s, methicillin-resistant S. aureus had emerged and spread, a phenomenon that encouraged widespread use of vancomycin. In the 1990s, vancomycin-resistant enterococci emerged and rapidly spread; most of these organisms are resistant to other traditional first-line antimicrobial drugs. At the end of the century, the first S. aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were documented, prompting concerns that S. aureus fully resistant to vancomycin may be on the horizon. In June 2002 the first case of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus was detected. The “12 Steps to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance: Hospitalized Adults” intervention program is the first “12 Steps” to be launched because hospital patients are at especially high risk for serious antimicrobial-resistant infections. Each year nearly 2 million patients in the United States get an infection in a hospital. Of those patients, about 90,000 die as a result of their infection. More than 70% of the bacteria that cause hospital-acquired infections are resistant to at least one of the drugs most commonly used to treat them. Persons infected with antimicrobial-resistant organisms are more likely to have longer hospital stays and require treatment with second-or third-choice drugs that may be less effective, more toxic, and/or more expensive. These 4 strategies – preventing infection, diagnosing and treating infection effectively, using antimicrobials wisely, and preventing transmission - form the framework for CDC’s Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance. Clinicians and their patient care partners hold the solution to integrating these strategies into daily practice and optimizing the care and safety of all patients. On average, influenza causes approximately 114,000 influenza-related hospitalizatio