图书馆的文献phd student class talk part i.pptxVIP

The Regulation of Apoptosis: A Question of Life or Death ;Programmed cell death, called apoptosis, is a normal part of development. Cell death is an important feature of development in all multicellular organisms. During fetal life it is used to mold and sculpt, removing unnecessary cells to provide shape and form. ;In the nematode C. elegans, exactly 131 cells die according to the normal developmental pattern. In humans, as many as 1011 cells die in each adult each day and are replaced by other cells.(Indeed, the mass of cells we lose each year through normal cell death is close to our entire body weight!). We generated about three times as many neurons as we eventually ended up with when we were born. ;Disruption of normal brain development by blocking apoptosis. In mice in which caspase-9 or Apaf-1 has been knocked out, normal neural apoptosis fails to occur. In caspase 9-deficient mice, the overproliferation of brain neurons is obvious on a morphological level. (A) 16-day embryonic wild-type mouse. (B) Caspase 9-knockout mouse of the same age. The enlarged brain protrudes above the face, and the limbs are still webbed. This effect is confirmed by cross-sections through the forebrain at day 13.5 in (C) a normal mouse and (D) a caspase 9-knockout mouse. The knockout exhibits thickened ventricle walls and the near-obliteration of the ventricles. (From Kuida et al. 1998.);Waves of Apoptotic Cell Death during C. elegans Development;Cell Death Phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster;细胞凋亡的概念及其提出的简单历史 ‘生老病死’ 是宇宙万物的普遍规律，对个体而言是如此，对个体内的细胞也是如此。细胞凋亡调节的失控和许多疾病的发生有关，如癌症，神经退化性疾病，艾滋病等。 Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an essential physiological process that plays a critical role in development and tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of apoptosis are involved in a lot of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases and AIDS. ;‘细胞凋亡’词语来源于希腊语，意思是‘叶子从树枝上飘落’。1972年，由 Kerr和Wyllie正式提出了细胞凋亡（apoptosis）这一概念。1980年，Wyllie等人发现细胞凋亡时，某些脱氧核糖核酸内切酶（DNase）被激活，促使凋