生物专业英语Lecture 4-Cellular Reproduction.pdfVIP

Cellular Reproduction:  Mitosis and Meiosis /Chapter+9+Cellular+Reproduction 1. The Nucleus and Chromosomes • Thecellnucleus isthemainrepository仓库ofgenetic information. Chromosomes 染色体 • Within the nucleus are the chromosomestightly coiled strands of DNA and clusters of associated proteins. Nucleosomes 核小体 /wp‐content/uploads/2012/06/what‐is‐a‐chromosome11.png • LongstretchesofthecontinuousDNAmoleculewind aroundtheseclustersofproteins,or histones 组蛋白, formingbeadlikecomplexesknownasnucleosomes. Chromatin 染色质 • More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure. Each long strand of DNA combines with histones and nonhistone proteins to makeupthesubstancechromatin. /cells/nucleus/images/chromatinstructurefigure1.jpg Karyotype 染色体组型 • Apictorialdisplayofanorganismschromosomesin thecoiled,condensedstateisknownasakaryotype. Sex chromosomes 性染色体and Autosomes常染色体 • Karyotype reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes arepresentastwocopies,referredtoas homologous pairs. Non-sexchromosomesarecalled autosomes. Diploid 二倍体and Haploid 单倍体 Spectral karyogram of a human female • Organismswhosecellscontaintwosetsofparental /wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sky_spectral_karyotype.pn g/250px‐Sky_spectral_karyotype.png chromosomes are called diploid; those with cells containingasinglesetofparentalchromosomesare calledhaploid. 2. The Cell Cycle • Thecellcycleisaregularsequenceinwhichthecell grows,preparesfordivision,anddividestoformtwo daugh