生物专业英语Lecture 6-Discovering the chemical nature of the gene.pdfVIP

Discovering the Chemical nature of the Gene 1. Genes Code for Particular Proteins • The first scientist to investigate the question of how genes affect phenotype was Sir Archibald Garrod, whose studies of alkaptonuria 黑尿酸尿症 implied a relationship between genes and enzymes. Sir Archibald Edward Garrod (1857-1936)  Garrod was studying the human disorder alkaptonuria. He collected family history information (as well as urine 尿) from his patients. Based on discussions with Mendel advocate William Bateson, Garrod deduced that alkaptonuria is a recessive disorder.  Archibald Garrod was the first to connect a human disorder with Mendels laws of inheritance . He also proposed the idea that diseases came about through a metabolic route leading to the molecular basis of inheritance. One-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis •Thirty years later Beadle and Ephrussi showed a relationship between particular genes and biosynthetic reactions responsible for eye color in fruit flies. •Next, in a series of classic experiments on the effects of mutations in the bread mold 面包霉 Neurospora crassa 粗糙 脉孢菌 , Beadle and Tatum explored the one-gene-one- enzyme hypothesisthe idea that each gene codes for a particular enzyme. •Their work paved the way for other researchers to elucidate 阐明 the precise ways in which enzymes affect complex metabolic pathways. George Wells Beadle One-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis  First, Beadle found that molds exposed to radiation lose the ability to produce essential nutrients, and this slowed, even stopped the growth of the mold.  Then, they found that growth can be restored by providing the mutated mold with a specific supplemen