5.初级版课件4english vesion英文版-abridgedof enzyme activity.pptxVIP

Chapter 12 Regulation of Enzyme Activity;Outline; ;slow response time energetically expensive maximum activity limited only by relative rates for protein synthesis and degradation generally used for long term changes in enzyme activity;Regulation of enzyme levels requires either an increase in the synthesis of the enzyme, or a decrease in the rate of its degradation (or the rate of the degradation of the mRNA that encodes the enzyme). Increasing protein synthesis is an expensive proposition, it takes 4 ATPs just to form one peptide bond. That’s 1 200 ATPs for one 300 amino acid protein!;Change of enzyme quality -Regulation of enzyme activity;Because regulation of enzyme activity does not usually involve protein synthesis, the amount of energy necessary is relatively small compared to other cellular functions. The notable exception to this general rule is regulation by protein inhibitors, which generally bind very tightly to their enzyme targets and must be digested to be removed.;Isozymes are physically distinct forms of the same enzyme. Isozymes may differ from each other by differences in their amino acid sequences or by the presence of different posttranslational modifications in each isozyme. The relative abundance of different isozymes varies for different tissues. The ability to control which isozymes are expressed in a particular cell allows each cell to adjust the enzyme activity based on the specific conditions that exist in the cell.;Quality control can be achieved by five different mechanisms;Allosteric = “other site” other than active site Regulatory molecules called, effectors, modulators,regulatory molecules Homotropic regulation: regulation by substrate at active site Heterotropic regulation: regulation by molecule NOT substrate ( end products), at allosteric site Few enzymes are allosteric Allosteric enzymes DO NOT exhibit M-M kinetics;Physiology of allosteric enzymes;Allosteric regulators do not bind to the active site of the enzyme;Alloster