土木专业英语英译汉.docxVIP

第一课 Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, de sign, construction, and management of the built environment. This environme nt includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigatio n and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, wat er and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facili ties essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They als o build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscra pers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or reside ntial use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities an d towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platform s to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机 场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外， 土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的 社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Sm eaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from th at of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the ter m civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build publi c facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在 1782 年，英国人 John Smeaton 为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number o f technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kin ds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the sit e is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—wat er, sewer, and