英美小说赏析.红色的勇敢标志(自然主义,作者及文本)).pdfVIP

The Age of American Naturalism By the end of the nineteenth century ， American writers were feeling the fully impact of the scientific movement begun by the Industrial Revolution. After the Civil War, America changed economically, socially and culturally. Among all the important factors leading to this great transformation, industrialism, science and the new philosophy played the most important roles. American urbanization went hand in hand with industrialization. Because of the Industrial Revolution, railroads were spreading across America creating towns. Thus, the urban population soared. In 1860, one sixth of the population was urban; in 1900, one third. The sudden growth of great urban centers created new social and economic problems. Although industrialism produced financial giants, at the same time it created an industrial proletariat (贫民阶层) entirely at the mercy of external forces beyond their control (处于外界环境的控制之中,对自己的命运无能为力). There appeared a great number of slums where the city poor lived a life of insecurity, suffering and violence. The evils of slums appeared for the first time in American life. Labor organized and gained force. The American Federation of Labor increased its membership ， socialist groups arose ， and strikes were prevalent．Naturally，sharp conflicts existed between capitalism and socialism， nationalism and imperialism ( 民族主义与帝国主义) ，and Christianity and innumerable other philosophies and religions． One of the most far-reaching intellectual events of the last half of the nineteenth century was the publication of Origin of Species (物种起源,1859) by Charles Darwin (1809-1882)．This book，together with Darwin’sDescent of Man ( 人类的由来,1870) had a strong impact in the development of Western thought ． In the two books Darwin hypothesized (提出假设) that over the millennia，man had evolved