国外动物学36学习.pptxVIP

第1页/共76页What Is Behavior?Behavior is what an animal does and how it does it.Learning is also considered a behavioral process.Pioneers of ethology:第2页/共76页Proximate vs. Ultimate CausesThe scientific questions that can be asked about behavior can be divided into two classes:Those that focus on the immediate stimulus and mechanism for the behavior.Those that explore how the behavior contributes to survival and reproduction.第3页/共76页Proximate and Ultimate QuestionsProximate, or “how”, questions about behavior focus on the environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior.Focus on the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral act.第4页/共76页Proximate and Ultimate QuestionsUltimate, or “why”, questions about behavior address the evolutionary significance of a behavior.第5页/共76页EthologyEthology is the scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in natural environments.第6页/共76页Behavioral EcologyThe modern scientific discipline of behavioral ecology extends observations of animal behavior by studying: how such behavior is controlled and how it develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success.第7页/共76页SociobiologyHuman culture is related to evolutionary theory in the distinct discipline of sociobiology.Human behavior, like that of other species is the result of interactions between genes and environment.第8页/共76页Ethology – basic conceptsLorenz and Tinbergen (1938) examined egg-rolling behavior in the greylag goose.If the egg slipped away, she continued the motion.Once started, the behavior must be completed in a specific way.Stereotypical behavior第9页/共76页Fixed Action PatternsA fixed action pattern (FAP) is a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable.Once initiated, it is usually carried to completion.第10页/共76页Fixed Action PatternsA FAP is triggered by an external sensory stimulus known as a sign stimulus.The egg, for example.第11页/共76页(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.Fixed Acti