碳定价和竞争力高级别委员会的报告（英文）.docxVIP

p① ZKOlIlnv aJnsoosQo-qndCARBON PRICING LEADERSHIP COALITION PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGYIndustry and policymakers considering the introduction of carbon pricing are often concerned that putting a price on carbon in the form of a tax or an emissions trading system may have adverse effects on the competitiveness of a carbon-intensive firm, sector, or country. For industry the concern is partially about the low-carbon transition challenge, and partially about the potential for international competitors to have an unfair advantage iftheydo not face a similarcarbon price. While both factors may be significant to the overall competitiveness of a firm, the primary policy focus of most carbon pricing competitiveness discussions is on international competitiveness. This is primarily because of the potential to shift production, investment, and jobs, resulting in non-achievement of the environmental objective. This does not mean that the transition challenge is not significant for some industries, sectors, or regions, but rather that it is not typically thought of as “unfair” orunintentional. Providing an incentive that lowers emissions is the goal of carbon pricing; if emissions are simply moved elsewhere, or “leaked to a region without similarly stringent climate regulations, that goal is not achieved. An increasingly large body of literature (both peer-reviewed and from industry) has examined the international competitiveness issue, both from a potential, ex-ante perspective and from an empirical, ex-post analysis of actual experience. In general, those studies seeking to understand future impacts tend to suggest more potential competitiveness impacts than have actually been experienced to date—at either the sector or country level. This may be due to several reasons, including that carbon costs tend to be only one of the many factors that influence investment decisions and competitiveness; that carbon price levels in general have been moderate; and that existing carbon