语用学Chapter 2 Deixis and reference陈新仁何自然何伟.pdfVIP

Contents I. The encoding of context II. Types and properties of deixis III. Definition of reference 2 Please notice those sentences e.g. I’ll be here again in half an hour. e.g.保质期三个月。 e.g.这个东西放在这儿，别放在那儿。 3 I. The encoding of context A general understanding ： Some physical environment or setting (mainly including temporal- spatial dimensions) in which we produce or comprehend utterances e.g. 这个东西放在这儿，别放在那儿。 4 Another general understanding : Some invisible social or mental factors, especially social distance, power relations, encyclopedic knowledge and expectations, that affect the production or comprehension of certain utterances • Tang ：do you know Nanjing well ? • Wang : I have never been to Jiangsu. 5 Still a general understanding: The preceding utterance(s) and/or the following one(s) which may form the linguistic context or co-text • E.g. I am busy now. I can’t go out with you. • Shakespeare takes up the whole bottom shelf. 6 All share a basic conception: Context is something external in the sense that it is not an integral part of the language to be interpreted. 7 II. Types and properties of deixis: 1. The study of deixis: (1）the first area of study in linguistic pragmatics （2) In 1954, the Israeli philosopher Yehoshua Bar-Hillel(巴尔-希勒 尔)wrote an article entitled Indexical Exp