(4.1.1)--Lecture9DemocracyinAncientGreece哲学概念的基本含义.pptVIP

Democracy in Ancient Greece 民主在古希腊 early sixth century BCE to late fourth century BCE (Before the Common Era) 公元前6世纪早期至公元前4世纪晚期 polis: “city-state”, but half is rural 城邦制（polis ）：名为“城邦”，但一半是乡村的 I. The History of Athenian Democracy雅典民主的历史 1. The Rise of Athenian Democracy: Why did it come about? Why did democracy develop? 雅典民主的兴起：雅典民主因何发生？民主因何发展？ 2. The Maintenance of Athenian Democracy 雅典民主的维持 3. The Decline of Athenian Democracy 雅典民主的衰落 The Rise of Athenian Democracy雅典民主的兴起 (1) speculative answer: young military men wanted privileges beyond level to which their age restricted them, they made good on that claim by force, and then implemented the principle that privilege be distributed without respect to age. In other words, that political power can be distributed regardless of age, even young soldiers can be eligible. 推测式的回答：年轻军人们想要超越其年龄所限制的级别的特权，他们用武力成功实现了这一要求，然后执行特权应排除年龄条件而进行分配的原则。即，政治权力可以无视年龄而进行分配，即使年轻士兵也有资格。 historical answer: focuses on ‘Great Men’: 历史式的回答：聚焦于“伟大人物”: a. Solon’s reforms 梭伦改革 b. Kleisthenes reforms (508/507 BCE) – first use of the word ‘demokratia’ (people-power) 克里斯提尼改革（公元前508-507年）——第一次使用“demokratia”（人民权力）这个词 c. Ephialtes (late 460s BCE) 埃菲阿尔忒斯（公元前5世纪60年代晚期） The Rise of Athenian Democracy雅典民主的兴起 (2) a. Solon’s reforms 梭伦改革 (1) economic reform (594 BCE) – freed the serfs, led to mentality of equality between citizens and leisure time that allowed for political discussion and office holding 经济改革（公元前594年）——使农奴自由，实现公民之间的平等意识、以及为政治讨论和从事公职留下余地的闲暇时间 a. Solon’s reforms 梭伦改革 (2) political reforms – widened eligibility for office holding (by wealth, not birth), introduced an elected council of 400 members to prepare business for assembly, established popular law courts, could appeal decisions of magistrates (magistrates were accountable) 政治改革——放宽从事公职的资格（依据财产而非出身），引入一个选举出来的400人会议来为公民大会做筹备事务，设立民众法庭，任何公民都可以对官员的决议提出上诉（官员们应负责任） a. Solon’s reforms 梭伦改革 (3) social reforms – limitations on ostentatious fune