环境与自然资源经济学PPT1 Tietenberg_8e_ppt09_final.pptVIP

Chapter 9;Introduction;Objectives;An Efficient Allocation of Recyclable Resources;Recycling: A Closer Look U.S. has achieved higher recycling rates. Transport, labor and processing costs are usually significant and play a large role in overall recycling rates. As recycling becomes more cost competitive, however, manufacturers rely more heavily on recycled inputs as well as product design. ;Recycling and Ore Depletion In terms of the switch point introduced in chapter 7, if the resource can be recycled at a marginal cost lower than that of the substitute, the market will likely use the recyclable resource longer than it would the nonrecyclable resource. With a stock of A, a recovery rate of a and an infinite time period, the amount made available by recycling will be A/(1-a). If a 0, the resource is nonrecyclable. The effect of recycling is to increase the availability of the resource. ;Factors Mitigating Resource Scarcity;Technological Progress Technological progress reduces the cost of ore. Rising extraction costs stimulate the development of new technologies. The rate and type of technological progress are influenced by the degree of resource scarcity. ;Substitution Figure 9.1 illustrates the effect of substituting abundant resources for scarce resources. The greater the ease of substitution, the smaller the impact of rising costs and reduced availability will be. An isoquant shows all the possible combinations of inputs that can produce a given output. Fixed-proportions isoquants are right-angled because no input substitutability is possible. The isoquant S1 shows a case for which substitutability is possible. The more substitution possibilities that are available, the smaller the impact resource scarcity will have on output.;FIGURE 9.1 Output Levels and the Possibilities for Input Substitution;Market Imperfections;The Disposal Decision Recyclable waste comes from either new scrap or old scrap. New scrap is residual material from a production process while