L 38 Sound 2 Version 2分析和总结分析和总结.docxVIP

Sound 2 Resonance in Air Columns /englishhtm/Lwave.htm /englishhtm/TwaveStatA.htm When sound waves resonate in an air-filled pipe, the standing waves form nodes at closed ends but antinodes at open ends. Thus, a pipe with one closed and one open end can only accommodate odd numbers of quarter-wavelengths: L1st resonance or fundamental L ? ? 4L ? f ? v 1 1 4L 2nd resonance or first overtone ? ? 4 L ? f 2 3 2 ? 3v 4 L ? 3 f 1 The second resonance is the third harmonic 3rd resonance or second overtone ? ? 4 L ? f ? 5v 3 5 3 4 L ? 5 f 1 The third resonance is the fifth harmonic etc. The interesting feature of the unsymmetrical (closed/open) pipe is that only odd multiples of the fundamental frequency can resonate in it. The natural frequencies constitute an infinite but incomplete set of harmonics –only odd harmonics are present. In pipes open or closed at both ends a complete set of harmonics results. LL L L ? ? 2 L 1 v f1 ? 2 L 2? ? L 2 f ? v ? 2 f 2 L 1 ? ? 3? 2 L 3 f ? 3v ? 3 f 3 2 L 1 Created by GeorgeR C:\iknow\docshare\data\cur_work\267351179.doc PAGE PAGE 2 In the above discussion L is the effective length of the pipe. Antinodes do not form exactly at open ends but a small distance, e (the “end correction”), outside them. If the true length of the pipe is l then: For pipe closed at one end only L = l + e and for double open pipe L = l + 2e Note: Nodes and antinodes in air columns must not be regarded as compressions and rarefactions. Nodes are the stationary central layers of compressions and rarefactions, and alternate between the two conditions each half-cycle. Thus, just as with ?positive? and ?negative? loops in a transverse standing wave, the neighbours of a node in compression are in rarefaction, and vice versa. Successive compressions and rarefactions are a full wavelength apart. Example1 A pipe, which is closed at one end, has a fundamental frequency of 85 Hz. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s-1. Find the effective length of the pipe. If th