新西兰奶牛场废水和养分管理.pptxVIP

会计学;PART ONE – INTRODUCTION 第一部分 - 引言 ;In New Zealand, agriculture is predominantly based on pastoral grazing systems 新西兰的农业以放牧模式为主 Cows are generally taken to a dairy shed and milked once or twice a day 每天奶牛在挤奶厅挤一到两次奶 ; ;INCREASING USAGE OF OFF-PADDOCK FACILITIES DURING PAST YEARS 过去几年中牧场外设施的使用频率越来越高;Increasing practice of solid separation and animal off-grazing提高固液分离和动物离牧（到牛棚）的做法; ; ;PART TWO – NZ GOVERNMENT POLICY 第二部分 – 政策 ; ; ; ; ; ; ;? Avoid application during saturated soil conditions 在土壤水饱和的情况下不能施用废水 Do not generate surface ponding or runoff of effluent 灌溉时不能产生地表积水，也不允许废水直接流失 No direct discharge to water bodies 废水不能直接排放到地表水体 Max effluent N load of 150 kg/ha/yr 最大氮施用量为150千克/公顷/年 ;Councils can provide controls on: 地区政府可以控制： Effluent Application depth 施用深度 Application rate 施用量 Nutrient loading 营养负荷 Soil and landscape features applied to 适用的土壤和景观特征 Timing: soil moisture, weather 施用时间：土壤水分，天气 Storage volumes required 土壤存储量 ;PART THREE – INFORMING INDUSTRY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE THROUGH SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 第三部分 – 科学指导行业最佳管理措施 ;;DEVELOPING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) – Deficit irrigation发展最佳管理措施：亏缺灌溉;DEVELOPING BMPS – Low application rate发展最佳管理措施 – 低速（缓慢）灌溉;DAIRY EFFLUENT STORAGE CALCULATOR 牧场废水存储量计算器 ;CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EFFLUENT INSTALLERS AND DESIGNERS废水灌溉系统的安装和设计者工作守则 ;CLEAN STREAMS ACCORD干净河流和溪流协议;CLEAN STREAMS ACCORD干净河流和溪流协议;PART FOUR – NUTRIENT BUDGETS 第四部分 – 营养预算;INPUTS 投入;NUTRIENT BUDGETS SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE FARMING;AN INTRODUCTION TO OVERSEER? NUTRIENT BUDGETS OVERSEER 营养预算软件简介;Calculates requirements of maintaining fertiliser, effluent and lime amounts Estimates off-farm losses 估算农场营养元素的损失 N leaching/run-off 氮的淋失和流失 P run-off and risk index 磷的流失和风险指数 Greenhouse gas emissions: CH4, N2O, CO2 Covers wide range of management options and mitigation practices Tests “what if” scenarios ;NUTRIENT BUDGET: EFFLUENT BLOCK EXAMPLE 营养预算：农田废水施用情况实例报告;Based on summaries of NZ