地理学课件-生物圈.pptVIP

生态系能量转化的表示方式生物量(Biomass) a quantitative estimate of the total mass of living plant or animal materialsthe weight of all organic matter contained in its organismsdry weight of all organic matter in plants and animals in an ecosystemplant materials and animal wastes used as fuel单位面积内所积存的有机物质 生态系的能量生产Production (生产量): 一个生态系所生产的生物量Gross primary production: 一个生态系的总光合作用量；产生新的有机质Net primary production: 扣除呼吸作用所耗费的能量Secondary production: 储存在消费者位阶的能量；转化低位阶的有机质Productivity (生产力): The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store chemical energy as biomassThe rate at which sunlight energy is converted into the potential energy of biomass global productivityAn index of global productivity (based on the potential for plant growth) I = TmPGS/120TrI: an index of plant productivityTm: the average temperature of the warmest month in ℃Tr: the annual range in average temperature between the coldest and warmest months in ℃P: the precipitation in cmG: the growing season in monthsS: the amount of solar radiation expressed as a proportion of the radiation at the poles 生态系统的物质循环 ? 生地化循环 (biogeochemical cycle)生地化循环可分三大类:水循环大量元素(Macronutrient)循环：氧、碳、氢微量元素(Micronutrient)循环：氮、硫、磷气态循环: 氧、碳固态循环: 磷 北极熊受PCB的污染In a study published on 1 November, a Norwegian team reveals that bears that roam long distances in their search for food tend to accumulate relatively high levels of industrial pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in their bodies. This could be linked to the exceptional levels of hermaphroditism seen in some bear populations, although this connection has yet to be confirmed. Nature 426, 5 (6 November 2003);