计算机组成与结构：chapter10 Instruction Sets Characteristics and Functions.pptVIP

10.1 Machine instruction characteristics What is The Instruction Set Architectures? The attributes of a system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls, the logic design, and the physical implementation. - Amdahl, Blaaw and Brooks, 1964 ... the portion of the machine visible to the programmer or compiler writer. - Hennessey and Patterson, 1990 Instruction Set The collection of instructions that CPU can execute The instruction set determinates the function of CPU Machine Code, Binary For convenience, usually represented by assembly codes Elements of an Instruction Operation code (Op code) Do this Source Operand reference To this Result Operand reference Put the answer here Next Instruction Reference When you have done that, do this... Branch instruction PC Instruction Cycle State Diagram Where are all the Operands? Cache or main memory or virtual memory CPU registers If only one register exists, reference to it may be implicit For many registers, each is assigned a unique number I/O device The instruction must specify the I/O module device or another memory address for the operation Instruction Representation In machine code, each instruction has a unique bit sequence The instruction is divided into fields such as the following format: It is difficult for both the programmer and readers to deal with binary code of machine instructions ,thus, a symbolic representation is used e.g. ADD, SUB, MPY,DIV LOAD,STOR,etc. Operands can also be represented in this way ADD A,B Instruction Types Data processing Data storage (main memory) Data movement (I/O) Program flow control: test and branch Any data-processing task may be expressed by above instructions Any program written in high-level language may be translated into above instructions Number of Addresses 3 addresses Opcode Operand 1, Operand 2, Result (Operand 1) OP (Operand 2) → Resu