有机光谱化学分析 (46).pdfVIP

P2 ：Hello everyone, welcome to this class--Organic Spectroscopic Analysis. In previous lecture, we have learned about X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Do you know where binding energy shifts come from? – Or how can we identify elements and compounds? When a beam of X-rays is directed to a sample, the interaction between an X-ray photon and the core level electron of an atom causes a complete transfer of the photon energy to the electron. The electron then has enough energy to escape from the surface of the sample. This electron is referred to as the photoelectron. P2：大家好，欢迎学习今天的课程——有机波谱分析。在上一节课中， 我们学习了X 射线光电子能谱。你知道结合能位移（化学位移）从哪 里来吗？——或者我们如何识别元素和化合物？ 当X 射线束射向样品时，X 射线与内层电子之间的相互作用导致光子 能量完全转移给电子。然后，电子具有足够的能量从样品表面逸出， 该电子称为光电子。 P3：Elements have unique electron binding energies. Therefore, knowing the electron binding energy allows the identification of various elements. XPS is thus able to detect all elements except hydrogen. P3：元素具有独特的电子结合能。 因此，知道电子结合能可以识别各种元素。 XPS 因此能够检测除氢以外的所有元素。 P4：Furthermore, the electron binding energy is also sensitive to the electronic environment of the atom. When an atom is bonded to another atom of an element having a different electronegativity, the electron binding energy may increase or decrease. This change in binding energy is cal led the chemical shift, which can be used to provide chemical information of a molecule or compound. P4：此外，电子结合能也对原子周围的电子环境敏感。 当一个原子与电负性不同的原子键合时，电子结合能可能会增加或减 少。 结合能的这种变化称为化学位移，可提供分子或化合物的化学信息。 P5：The exact binding energy of an electron depends not only upon the level from which photoemission is occurring, but also upon : 1. the formal oxidation state of the atom 2. the local chemical and physical environment Changes in either (1) or (2) give rise to small shifts in the peak positions in the spectrum - so-called chemical shifts. Such shifts are readily observable