巴德 宏观经济学原理（英文版·第8版）Chapter 1a.pptxVIP

When you have completed your study of this appendix, you will be able to1 Interpret graphs that display data.2 Interpret the graphs used in economic models.3 Define and calculate slope.4 Graph relationships among more than two variables.Getting Started1CHAPTER CHECKLIST APPENDIX: MAKING AND USING GRAPHSBasic IdeaA graph enables us to visualize the relationship between two variables.To make a graph, set two lines perpendicular to each other: The horizontal line is called the x-axis. The vertical line is called the y-axis. The common zero point is called the origin. APPENDIX: MAKING AND USING GRAPHSFigure A1.1 shows how to make a graph.The horizontal axis (x-axis) measures temperature.The vertical axis(y-axis) measures ice cream consumption. APPENDIX: MAKING AND USING GRAPHSPoint A shows that when the temperature is 40 degrees, ice cream consumption is only 5 gallons a day. Point B shows that when the temperature is 80 degrees, ice cream consumption jumps to 20 gallons a day. APPENDIX: MAKING AND USING GRAPHSInterpreting Data GraphsScatter diagram is a graph of the value of one variable against the value of another variable.Time-series graph is a graph that measures time on the x-axis and the variable or variables in which we are interested on the y-axis.Trend is a general tendency for the value of a variable to rise or fall.Cross-section graph is a graph that shows the values of an economic variable for different groups in a population at a point in time. APPENDIX: MAKING AND USING GRAPHSFigure A1.2(a) shows a scatter diagram.In 2010 (marked 10), income per person was $36,183 and expenditure per person was $32,758.The data for 2000 to 2015 show that as income increases, expenditure increases. APPENDIX: MAKING AND USING GRAPHSFigure A1.2(b) shows another scatter diagram.In 1997 (marked 97), 20 percent of U.S. cell-phone subscribers had a monthly cell phone bill of $50.The data show that as the monthly bill fell, more people became cell phone subscribers. APPENDIX