英语语言学入门知识.pptxVIP

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ;第二页，共七十七页。;第三页，共七十七页。;女人，妖的叫美女，刁的叫才女，木的叫淑女，蔫的叫温柔，凶的叫直爽，傻的叫阳光，狠的叫冷艳，土的叫端庄，洋的叫气质，怪的叫个性，匪的叫干练，嫩的叫青春靓丽，老的叫丰韵犹存，牛的叫傲雪凌风，弱的叫小鸟依人……做女人真好啊。 ;问：你幸福吗？;如果对方说：“你经历太单纯，而我们需要的是社会经验丰富的人。”; 如果对方说：“我们需要名牌院校的毕业生，你并非毕业于名牌院校。” 　　;;　语言不是本能的行为而是社会的习俗同时认为“语言只是声音符号的习惯系统”。后来又提到语言是一种“表达意义的工具”。所以说萨丕尔的语言定义全面地概括了前人所说的语言是一种交际工具和语言是一个符号系统这两种观点，并把它们有机地结合起来。;A language is a system for meanings. – Halliday（韩礼德1925 -） ;A language is a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. – Chomsky（乔姆斯基1928 -）;Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是一个具有任意性，用于人类交流的语音符号系统。;Webster’s New World Dictionary offers several most frequently used senses of the word “language”, namely, [1] (a) human speech; (b) the ability to communicate by this means; (c) a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; (d) the written representation of such a system.;1.3 Design Features of Language;3.工蜂发现蜜源，回巢向同伴做舞蹈动作。舞蹈的特征视所要传递的信息而异；有一种特征指明蜜源在蜂巢的什么方向，另一种特征指明距离多远，舞蹈的遍数多、活跃程度高，则表示花蜜的质量高。别的工蜂从舞蹈得到这些信息，就成群地飞过去采蜜。;Design features Concept introduced by C. F. Hockett in the 1960s of a set of key properties of language not shared or not known to be shared, as a set, with systems of communication in any other species. Their number and names vary from one account to another; but all include, as among the most important, the properties of duality, arbitrariness, and productivity.;Vocal-Auditory Channel Broadcast transmission and directional reception Rapid Fading (transitoriness) Interchangeability Total Feedback Specialization Semanticity Arbitrariness Discreteness Displacement Productivity Traditional Transmission Duality of patterning ;任意性;符号的形成包含好多的心智努力。;Arbitrary vs. convention;;Roughly speaking, the elements of the spoken language are sounds which do not convey meaning i