材料力学性能课件.pptxVIP

Stressed and Strained States Stress Stress is the load applied to a body and related per unit area of the body’s section.A relative quantity; The dimension of stress is determined as the force active per unit area of the body section to which the force is applied. Usually measured as newtons per square metre (N/m2) or kgf/mm2; The units of stress express the principal mechanical properties (ultimate strength, resistance to plastic flow, resistance to indentation, fatigue strength, creep strength, etc.) The case of axial tension of a cylindrical rod) if S= constant (uniform distribution of the stress over the cross section)P=SF or S=P/F In a more general case The normal stress (正应力)The shear stress(剪应力 Thus, if we know the tensile force P applied to the rod and the cross-sectional area F. we can determine the normal and shear stresses in any plane making an arbitrary angle α with the rod axis. The distribution of normal and shear stresses in variously oriented planes of a tensioned specimen are illustrated in Fig. 4. Engineering/Actual (True) StressF :force applied;A0: area before deformation The engineering stress is often employed for elastic stresses or stresses for components deformed to small plastic strains. At large strains, the change in cross-sectional area significantly alters the actual stresses. The true stress is :where A is the instantaneous area. Strain Strain is the ratio of the change in dimension to its initial value.Axial tension of a cylindrical rod as;Load applied;Rod deformed, the length increased from l0 to ln; engineering strain The engineering strain should be used only if the deformation strains are small in magnitude (e.g., eeng 0.10) or only limited precision is required. Calculations of strains for multiple-step forming processes or for operations with precise requirements on final dimensions require a measure of the instantaneous or true strain. True strain is based on instantaneous sample length. It can be approximated by co