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§3. Matter Radiation EssentialsMatter Essentials:§3. 1. The Big Bang ? Part 4. Cosmology§3. 2. Dark Light Matter§3. 3. The Abundances ? Part 4. Cosmology§3. 4. The Gaseous Universe§3. 5. The Dusty Universe§3. 6. The Cosmic RaysRadiation Essentials:§3. 7. Black Body Radiation§3. 8. Grey Bodies1
§3. 1. The Big Bang ? Part 4. CosmologyNot an event occurred sometime somewhere. Spacetime came into being with the Big Bang. Redshifts of galaxiesThe age of the Universe vs. oldest stars: 12.7 – 13.2 GyrCMB = Cosmic Microwave BackgroundAbundances of light elements ? nucleosynthesis in the first moments2
§3. 2. Dark Light MatterMost of matter invisible.3
Evidence for dark matter Galaxies rotate much faster in their outer regions. ? extended dark matter surrounding galaxies.Dark matter is needed to bound galaxy clusters.Gravitational lensing ? Mtotal Mvisible2 independent pieces of evidence for DM in GCs.4
§3. 3. The Abundances ? Part 4. CosmologyThe abundance of the elements are quantified by their number fraction or mass fraction:5solar (cosmic) abundance
primordial abundance enrichmentmetals: elements other than H and He ? Z: metallicity6Primordial abundances (in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang): H, He, D, 3He, 7LiStellar evolution ISM enrichment ? Part II. Stars P-P chain (M1.5Msun)He: the only product
Supernovae Explosive NucleosynthesisM8Msun ? planetary nebula ? WDM8Msun ? SNe II? elements heavier than FeTypical kinetic energy ~ 1051 erg7Zhou+06
star formation history IMF8Lu, Zhou, Wang et al. 2006IMF = Initial Mass Function: The admixture of stars of different masses when first formed.
§3. 4. The Gaseous UniverseMetallic-like liquid H at the center of Jupiter9H HeTemperature T Density neState of ionizationH (n=2)How to know T, ne, and H+/H0 ?Spitzer (1978): for T8x104K, particle encounters are almost always elastic. thermal timescale ~ hours – years ? astrophysical gases are in thermal equilibrium.
Kinetic temperature Maxwell-Boltzmann veloci
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