《内科》教学课件 2.3 COPD 慢阻肺.pptVIP

* * * ? M Saetta * COPD－炎性机制 * COPD患者粘液分泌过多 * The animation begins with the alveolus fully inflated. Over the course of a normal exhalation, the alveolus fully deflates. With inhalation, the alveolus re-inflates. * In COPD, irreversible damage causes the alveolar walls and supports to lose elasticity compared with the normal condition. The airways are partly collapsed and occluded, an effect made worse by reversible cholinergic constriction.1 As a result, deflation is slower, and so the alveolus only partly deflates over the course of an exhalation. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO workshop report. 2001. /workshop/toc.html. Accessed: 14 November 2003. * In the normal state, inhalation is balanced by exhalation. There is no dynamic hyperinflation. * COPD patients suffer from reduced expiratory flow. As a result, the lungs may not fully empty before the next breath begins. This is particularly likely if the patient has to breathe faster as a result of physical activity.1 Because the lungs do not fully empty, they become progressively over inflated with each breath. This process is known as air trapping, which leads to hyperinflation.1 Air trapping reduces the ability of the patient to breathe in, which causes the sensation of breathlessness that typifies the disease. ODonnell DE, Webb K. The etiology of dyspnea during exercise in COPD. Pulmonary and Critical Care Update 14, Lesson 15./downloads/education/online/Vol14_13_18.pdf. Accessed 24 February 2004. * New * 随着认识的深入，对于COPD的理解不再局限于气道和肺。关于COPD营养不良的研究越来越受到重视。并且，近年来国外文献里提出了一个新的概念，叫做COPD的全身效应（systemic effects），全身效应比营养不良更进了一步。这个概念包括营养不良，表现为体重下降、人体组成改变。全身效应还包括为全身炎症反应、和骨骼肌功能障碍等等，以及心血管、神经和骨骼系统改变等等。目前国际上关于COPD全身效应的研究非常多，从基础、到临床都做了广泛而深入的研究。 * * * * * * * * （一）COPD的诊断 1. 病史：吸烟史。清晨咯痰，加重时呈脓性。 急性疾病时为进行性咳嗽，多脓痰，喘和间断发热。 喘和呼吸困难易误诊为哮喘。 * 晚期有低氧血症伴紫绀，红血球增多时紫绀则更加重。 * 晨起头痛提示有高碳酸血症存在