拉乌尔小传Raoult分析和总结.docxVIP

Francois－Marie Raoult（拉乌尔） RAOULT, FRANCOIS MARIE (1830-1901), French chemist, was born at Fournes, in the Dpartement du Nord, on the 10th of May 1830. He became aspirant repititeur at the lyce of Rheims in 1853, and after holding several intermediate positions was appointed in 1862 to the professorship of chemistry in Sens lyce, where he prepared the thesis on electromotive force which gained him his doctors degree at Paris in the following year. in 1867 be was put in charge of the chemistry classes at Grenoble, and three years later he succeeded to the chair of chemistry, which he held until his death on the 1st of April 1901. Raoults earliest researches were physical in character, being largely concerned with the phenomena of the voltaic cell, and later there was a period when more purely chemical questions engaged his attention. But his name is best known in connection with the work on solutions, to which he devoted the last two decades of his life. His first paper on the depression of the freezing-points of liquids by the presence of substances dissolved in them was published in I878;and continued investigation and experiment with various solvents, such as benzene and acetic acid, in addition to water, led him to believe in a simple relation between the molecular weights of the substances and the freezing-point of the solvent, which he expressed as the loi gnrale de Ia congelation, that if one molecule of a substance be dissolved in 100 molecules of any given solvent, the temperature of solidification of the latter will be lowered by 0.63 C. (See, however, the article SOLuTIoN.) Another relation at which he worked was that the diminution in the vapour-pressure of a solvent, caused by dissolving a substance in it, is proportional to the molecular weight of the substance dissolvedat least when the solution is dilute. These two generalizations not only afforded a new method of determining the molecular weights of substances, but have also been utilized by J.