ForcesThatEnableFlight的力量使飞行.pptxVIP

ForcesThatEnableFlight的力量使飞行第1页/共44页 Sources of LiftDynamic pressure above airfoil higher than below, thus static pressure below greater, pushes airfoil upSome air deflected downward from lower surface, opposite (upward) reaction force is another source of lift第2页/共44页 第3页/共44页 第4页/共44页 AirfoilsWingBone at leading edge with feathers trailing creates convex shapeForearm with secondaries attached is the main source of liftPrimary feathersAsymmetric shape with stiff rachis leading and long barbs trailing creates convex shape第5页/共44页 第6页/共44页 第7页/共44页 ThrustProduced like propellerLeading edge of wing cuts vertically, force produced is forward thrustLarge birds twist primary feathers as wing beats to produce thrust, forearm stays horizontal and continues to produce (increased) liftSmall birds create thrust with entire wing, plus additional thrust from primary feathersPassive recovery upstroke第8页/共44页 第9页/共44页 Flight AdaptationsRigid wing and feather structureRequired to create air flow patterns that result in liftBecause wing form maintained, forces created result in lift rather than bending of body Light weightWeight counters lift第10页/共44页 Application of ThrustMomentum (mass x velocity) perpetuates thrustDrag counters thrustProfile drag (friction with air, the reason for streamlining)Induced drag (turbulence)第11页/共44页 第12页/共44页 Sources of DragAir flow over wing (induced)Wing tips (induced)Projections from body (profile)Adaptations in forelimb eliminate sources of profile dragAlula is the exception第13页/共44页 第14页/共44页 Features used to maintain liftProblem when wing is held at steep angleAlula deflects air down over wing to maintain flow, prevent induced dragSlots in wings perform same function, front primary directs air over primary behindAir forced through slots expands on upper surface (reduced static pressure) to create more lift第15页/共44页 第16页/共44页 Static SoaringUse thermals, obstruction currents to attain altitudeUse gravity to generate speed, liftLow wing loading (la