中国文化概况（英汉对照版）符存-11.第十一章 中国的创造.pptxVIP

第十一章 中国的创造 Chinese Creation;01.; 西汉时期，中国便出现了纸。在东汉时，蔡伦改进了造纸术。公元 3 至 4 世纪，纸基本取代了帛、简，成为中国最主要的书写材料。公元 6 至 10 世纪，纸的种类不断增多，材质不断提高，印刷术的流行大大刺激了书籍印刷业的发展。 In the Western Han Dynasty, paper started its journey in China. In the Eastern Han Dynasty (25—200 A.D.), Cai Lun (62—121 A.D.) improved the paper-making technique.From the 3rd to the 4th century, paper basically replaced silk and wood or bamboo strips, and became the most important writing material in China. From the 6th to the 10th centuries, varieties of papers continued to increase, and the materials continued to improve. With the popularity of printing, the development of the book printing industry was greatly stimulated.;中国古代印刷术分为雕版印刷与活字印刷两个阶段。 The ancient Chinese printing can be divided into two stages: wood block printing and movable type printing. ; 隋唐时期，中国古代炼丹家发明了火药。最初，一般把火药制成粉末状，随后才制成大小不同的颗粒状用于不同的用途。在人类采用无烟火药之前，火药一直都是唯一的军用发射药。 During the Sui (A.D. 581—A.D. 618) and Tang Dynasties, ancient Chinese alchemists invented gunpowder. Initially, it was generally made into the shape of powder, and then be made into pellets of different sizes for different uses. In history, gunpowder has been the only military propellant before smokeless gunpowder was invented.; 指南针是用以判别方位的一种简单仪器。前身是战国时期出现的司南，主要组成部分是一根装在轴上可以自由转动的磁针。磁针的北极指向地理的北极，利用这一性能可以辨别方向。常用于航海、大地测量、旅行及军事等方面。 The compass is a simple instrument used to determine the position. The predecessor was Sinan, which appeared in the Warring States Period (475—221 B.C.). The main component was a magnetic needle that was mounted on the shaft and was free to rotate. The north pole of the magnetic needle points to the geographical north pole, and this performance can be used to distinguish the direction. Compass has been commonly used in navigation, geodetic, travel and military.; 2012 年 9 月，中国第一艘服役的航空母舰???—辽宁号正式入列中国海军，该舰搭载了中国第一代舰载战斗机歼十五，这标志着中国海军防御力量的实质提升。 In September 2012, China’s first aircraft carrier Liaoning officially joined in the service of