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10 The Remaining Endopterygote Orders 1. Introduction The six remaining endopterygote orders dealt with in this chapter are quite distinct from those that form the panorpoid complex. Of the six, the order Hymenoptera appears most isolated phylogenetically and is sometimes considered in a distinct superorder, the Hy- menopteroidea, perhaps the sister group to the panorpoid complex. Except for the Strep- siptera, whose affinities remain unclear, the remaining orders are then tentatively united in a neuroptero-coleopteroid group (see Chapter 2, Section 3.2). Some authors include the Mecoptera and Raphidioptera as suborders within the order Neuroptera. 2. Megaloptera Synonyms: Corydalida, Sialoidea (in order Common names: alderflies and Neuroptera sensu lato) dobsonflies Large, soft-bodied insects; head with chewing mouthparts, elongate antennae, and large com- pound eyes, three ocelli present (Sialidae) or absent (Corydalidae); two pairs of identical wings with primitive venation and large number of crossveins, abdomen 10-segmented without cerci. Larvae aquatic with chewing mouthparts and paired abdominal gills. Pupae decticous and exarate. Representatives of this small (300 species) order are found especially in temperate regions, though their distribution is discontinuous. Some 43 species have been described from North America, about 25 from Australia, and 3 from Britain. Structure Adult. Adult Megaloptera are generally large insects, with members of some species having a wingspan of about 17 cm. Their prognathous head carries well-developed compound eyes, long multisegmented antennae, and chewing mouthparts [including enor- mously elongate mandibles in some male Corydalidae (Figure 10.1C)]. Three ocelli are present in Sial