生产技术与利润最大化.pptxVIP

生产技术与利润最大化第1页/共54页 7.生产技术与利润最大化第2页/共54页 37.1 技术（Technologies）7.1.1 什么叫技术？技术是投入转换为产出的过程E.g. labor, a computer, a projector, electricity, and software are being combined to produce this lecture.Usually several technologies will produce the same product . a blackboard and chalk can be used instead of a computer and a projector.Which technology is “best”?How do we compare technologies?第3页/共54页 47.1.2 Production Functionsy denotes the output level.The technology’s production function states the maximum amount of output possible from an input bundle.第4页/共54页 5Production Functions- One input, one outputy = f(x) x1Input LevelxOutput Levely1y1 = f(x1) is the maximal output level obtainable from x1 input units.第5页/共54页 6Technologies with Multiple InputsSuppose the production function is(x1, x2) = (1, 8) (x1,x2) = (8,8) 第6页/共54页 7Technologies with Multiple InputsOutput, yx1x2(8,1)(8,8)第7页/共54页 8Isoquants with Two Variable Inputsy o 8y o 4x1x2第8页/共54页 9用产量面表示生产函数LOKTPK1L1L2K2AA’BB’CC’DD’Q1Q2E1F1G1E2F2G2E1’E2’G1’G2’第9页/共54页 10Isoquants with Two Variable InputsOutput, yx1x2y o 8y o 4第10页/共54页 11Cobb-Douglas TechnologiesA Cobb-Douglas production function is of the form第11页/共54页 12Fixed-Proportions TechnologiesA fixed-proportions production function is of the form第12页/共54页 13Fixed-Proportions Technologiesx2x1min{x1,2x2} = 144814247min{x1,2x2} = 8min{x1,2x2} = 4x1 = 2x2第13页/共54页 14Perfect-Substitutes TechnologiesA perfect-substitutes production function is of the form第14页/共54页 15Perfect-Substitution Technologie1x2x1 + 3x2 = 9x1 + 3x2 = 18x1 + 3x2 = 24第15页/共54页 16有限种投入比的技术1234567812345678R1X2:X1=8:1R2X2:X1=3:1R3X2:X1=1:1R4X2:X1=1:4现有6单位x1和3单位x22单位x1和2单位x2用于R3，生产产品50单位；4单位x1和1单位x2用于R4，生产产品50单位产量100单位的等产量线第16页/共54页 177.1.3 Marginal (Physical) ProductsThe marginal product of input i is the rate-of-change of the output level as the level of input i changes, holding all other input levels fixed.That is,第17页/共54页 18Marginal (Physical) Products第18页/共54页 197.1.4 Returns-to-ScaleMa