计量经济第八章.pptVIP

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计量经济第八章 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * 第一页,共二十九页,2022年,8月28日 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * Lecture Outline 本课提要 What is HSK 什么是异方差 Consequences of HSK 异方差的影响 HSK-Robust Inference after OLS estimation OLS估计后的“对异方差稳健”统计推断 第二页,共二十九页,2022年,8月28日 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * Testing for HSK 检验异方差 The Breuschn Test B-P 检验 The White Test White检验 第三页,共二十九页,2022年,8月28日 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * Weighted Least squares 加权最小二乘法 WLS when HSK is known up to a multiplicative constant 当在比例意义上已知异方差时的加权最小二乘法 WLS when HSK is of unknown form: the feasible GLS 当异方差具有未知形式时的加权最小二乘法:可行GLS 第四页,共二十九页,2022年,8月28日 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * What is Heteroskedasticity (HSK) 什么是异方差 Recall the assumption of homoskedasticity implied that conditional on the explanatory variables, the variance of the unobserved error, u, was constant 同方差假定意味着条件于解释变量,不可观测误差的方差为常数 If this is not true, that is if the variance of u is different for different values of the x’s, then the errors are heteroskedastic 如果u 的方差随x变化,那么误差是异方差的。 第五页,共二十九页,2022年,8月28日 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * . Education level primary secondary f(y|x) Illustration of Heteroskedasticity 异方差图示 college . . E(y|x) = b0 + b1x wage 第六页,共二十九页,2022年,8月28日 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * Why do we care? 为何关心异方差? The standard errors of the estimates are biased if we have heteroskedasticity. 如果存在异方差,那么估计值的标准差是有偏的。 If the standard errors are biased, we can not use the usual t statistics or F statistics or LM statistics for drawing inferences. 如果标准差有偏,我们就不能应用通常的t统计量或F统计量来进行统计推断。 第七页,共二十九页,2022年,8月28日 Introductory Econometrics, Lijun Jia * Testing for HSK 检验异方差 Reason No. 1: We may prefer to see the usual OLS standard errors and test statistics reported unless there is evidence of heteroskedasticity. 理由1:除非有证据显示异方差存在,我们仍会偏好于常规OLS的标准差及检验统计量。 Reason No. 2: If heteroskedasticity is present, the OLS estimator is no longer the BLUE, then it is possible to obtain a better est

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