2023高考英语新高考一卷阅读理解D篇选择题 群体智慧参考答案翻译[全].docxVIP

2023高考英语新高考一卷阅读理解D篇选择题 群体智慧参考答案翻译 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the wisdom of crowds effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折）on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they shared arguments and reasoned together. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in err