中国矿业大学《遗传学》课件-第1章绪论.pptxVIP

GENERAL GENETICS;第一章 绪论 ;;1.什么是遗传学; What is Genetics ?;Definition of Genetics: the branch of Biology concerned with heredity (遗传）and variation （变异）, involves the study of genes at all levels from molecules to populations.;;;;遗传学是研究生物遗传和变异的科学，是生命科学中最重要的学科之一。研究遗传物质的结构和功能以及遗传信息的传递与表达。 遗传(heredity)：亲代与子代相似的现象。 变异(variation)：亲代与子代间、子代与子代个体间存在的差异。 研究对象：一切生物。;1 遗传：生物有遗传的特性才能繁衍后代，才能保持物种特性和性状的相对稳定性。遗传是相对的 2 变异：生物有变异的特性，才能有物种进化和新品种的选育。变异是绝对的 3 选择：物种形成（自然选择） 新品种（人工选择） 遗传+变异+自然选择→物种多样性 遗传+变异+人工选择→新品种 遗传、变异和选择是物种进化和新品种选育的三大因素;如何研究遗传学;人工创造变异;;二、遗传学的诞生; The birth of Genetics: from human practices of production living;A horse breeder in Asia 4,000 years ago etched a record of his animal’s physical characteristics in stone.;; 亚里士多德 (公元前384—322);Dutch spermist Swammerdam (1637-1680) “theory of pre-formation原成论”;French naturalist J.B.Lamarck (1744-1829) in 1802 The inheritance of acquired characteristics （获得性遗传） Doctrine of use and disuse (用进废退）;;Germany Biologist A.Weismann;;In 1892, Weismann proposed “ theory of germ-plasm ”（种质学说）;3. Birth of Genetics in real sense: from “ blending Inheritance” to “particulate inheritance ”;Ignored 34 yrs rediscovered by;三、遗传学的发展;;1902 , A human disease is first attributed to genetic causes “inborn errors of metabolism ”（alkaptonuria) 先天性代谢障碍 . ;1902, The chromosome theory of heredity is proposed by Sutton and Boveri, working independently. ;1908, G.H.Hardy W.Weinberg Formulated H-W principle 群体遗传学中基因平衡原理;1909, Holand scienticst Johannsen first introduced the word “gene”;In 1910, T.H.Morgan first confirmed the chromosome theory of heredity through his fruitfly genetic analysis. ;H.J.Muller, one of Morgan’s prominent students, induced mutation with X-rays in 1927;In 1944, O. Avery ,C. McLeod M. McCarty identified DNA as genetic material;In 1946, Lederberg Tatum discovered conjugation in Bacteria.;In 1941, G.Beadle E.L.Tatum established “ one gene----one enzyme ” concept.