语言学概论期末复习(男神版).pdfVIP

语言学概论 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.What is language Senses of language in Webster ’s New World Dictionary (our book, p. 2) “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. “(Wardaugh) 2.Design features of language语言设计特征 1. arbitrariness (任意性) 2. duality (双重性) 3. Creativity (创造性) or productivity 4. displacement (移位性) 5. interchangeability (互换性) 6. specialization (专业化) 7. cultural transmission （文化传承） 3.Functions of Language(语言功能) Jakobson’s view: (情感功能) （指代功能) (诗学功能) （寒暄功能） (元语言) (意动功能) Halliday’s view: 1.ideational function (概念功能) 2. Interpersonal function （人际功能） 3. Textual function （语篇功能） Functions on the book: (告知性的) Function(人际功能) (行事功能) Function Communion （寒暄功能） Function(娱乐功能) Function(元语言功能) 4 ．What Is Linguistics l Linguistics is the scientific study of language or the science of language. l1) Exhaustiveness （穷尽性）2) Consistency （贯通性） 3) Economy （经济性） 4) Objectivity （客 观性） vs. performance 言语能力 vs. 言语行为 lNoam Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. lCompetence refers to a language user ’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. lPerformance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. Chapter 2 Speech sounds 1.Consonants and vowels Distinction between consonants and vowels: the obstruction （阻塞） of airstream 2.Minimal pairs and minimal sets （最小对立体） ① When two words are identical in every way except for a contrast in one sound segment occurring in the same position in the string, the two words are called a minimal pair 最小对立体. : pit and bit junk and chunk ban and bin bet and bat ②A minimal pair should follow three conditions: 1) they are different in meaning; 2) they differ only in one sound segment; 3) the different sounds occur in the same position in the