市场经济学原理第三章供给与需求的市场力量.pptxVIP

第三章市场经济的运行机制Operating mechanism of market economy 22本章的重要性一只鹦鹉只要学会说“供给与需求”就可以成为经济学家。Even a parrot can become an economist simply by learning to say “supply and demand”张五常：经济学真正顶用的是两个 原理——自私的假设和供 需定理。 现代经济学中的价格决定理论第一、直接观察得到一个简单解释：供求关系或稀缺性程度（degree of scarcity）决定价格。一个通俗的理解是：物以稀为贵 供求价格机制：总效用与边际效用第二、边际效用决定价格。“效用（utility）” 在经济学中指消费某种商品给我们带来的满足程度。效用表示为总效用和边际效用，总效用为消费物品带来的满足总体水平，边际效用（marginal utility）指消费最后一个单位物品带来的效用增加量。可以从效用变动规律角度简单说明前述的价值悖论：某种商品的价格由边际效用而不是总效用决定。 5供给与需求的市场力量The Market Forces of Supply and Demand供给与需求是经济学家最常用的两个术语。Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often.供给与需求是推动市场经济运转的力量所在。Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work.现代微观经济学研究供给、需求和市场均衡。 Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. 6第一节、市场及市场类型Markets and market category 一个市场就是由某种商品或服务的买者和卖者组成的群体。 A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. 术语供给和需求指人们的行为……当他们在市场中相互作用时。 The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets. 7一、市场Markets 买方决定需求。 Buyers determine demand.卖方决定供给。 Sellers determine supply. 8二、市场类型：竞争市场Market Type: A Competitive Market竞争性市场是这样一个市场…… A competitive market is a market. . . ……拥有众多买者和卖者 with many buyers and sellers.……不受任何一个人操纵 that is not controlled by any one person.……买者和卖者所遵循的价格被确定在窄小的范围内。 in which a narrow range of prices are established that buyers and sellers act upon. 9竞争：完全竞争与否Competition: Perfect and Otherwise物品完全相同。 Products are the same.买者、卖者如此众多以至于个人无法对价格施加影响。