胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解.pdf

第1章　语言学导论1.1　复习笔记 本章要点： 1 The definition and the design features of language 语言的定义与特征 2 The origin and the function of language 语言的起源和功能 3 Main branches of linguistics study 语言学研究的范围和内容 4 Important distinctio
in Linguistics 语言学的一些重要区分 本章考点： 1 有关语言的常考考点 语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文化传递和互换性)； 语言的功能(提供信息、人际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语言)； 语言的起源(神授说，人造说(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“哟-嘿-吼”理论)，进化说)等。 2 有关语言学的常考考点 (1) 语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。 (2) 语言学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。 (3) 普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。 (4) 宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 本章内容索引： Ⅰ. Definition of language Ⅱ. Design features of language 1 Arbitrariness 2 Duality 3 Creativity 4 Displacement 5 Cultural Tra
mission 6 Interchangeability Ⅲ. Origin of language 1 The Biblical account 2 The bow-wow theory 3 The pooh-pooh theory 4 The yo-he-ho theory 5 The evolution theory Ⅳ. Functio
of language 1 Informative function 2 Interpe
onal function 3 Performative function 4 Emotive function 5 Phatic function 6 Recreational function 7 Metalingual function Ⅴ. Definition of linguistics Ⅵ. Branches of linguistics 1 Microlinguistics 2 Macrolinguistics Ⅶ. Important concepts and their distinctio
1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive 2 Synchronic vs. Diachronic 3 Langue vs. Parole 4 Competence vs. Performance 5 Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Grammar 6 Linguistic Potential vs. Actual Linguistic Behavior Ⅰ. The definition of language (语言的定义) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has revealed five essential facto
of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific. 语言是用于人类交流的任意的有声符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类特有。 Ⅱ. The design features of language (语言的定义特征) 【考点：名词解释amp;填空】 The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。 1 Arbitrariness (任意性) It is the core feature of language, which refe
to the fact that there is no intri
ic