AP微积分CALCULUS知识点总结.docxVIP

A DERIVATIVE FUNCTION The derivative function or simply the derivative is defined as f ?(x) ＝ y?＝ lim ?y  ? lim f (x ? ?x) ? f (x) ?x?0 ?x ?x?0 ?x Find the derivative function Find ?y, Find the average rate of change ?y , ?x Find the limit lim ?y . ?x?0 ?x Geometric significance Consider a general function y=f(x), a fixed point A(a,f(a)) and a variable point B(x,f(x)). The slope of chord AB= f (x) ? f (a) . x ? a Now as B ?A, x ?a and the slope of chord AB? slope of tangent at A. So, lim f (x) ? f (a) is f ?(a) . x ? a x?a Thus, we can know the derivative at x=a is the slope of the tangent at x=a. Rules C(a constant) 0 The chain rule If y ? f (u) where u ? u(x) then dy dx  ? dy du . du dx f (x) ? u(x)v ( x ) ? eln u ( x )v ( x ) ? ev ( x ) ln u ( x ) , f ?(x) ? e  v ( x ) ln u ( x ) [v?(x) ln u(x) ? v(x)u?(x)] u(x) Inverse function, Parametric function and Implicit function ?dy ? Inverse function: 1 , f ?(x) ? 1 , dx dx dy [ f ?1 (x)]? i.e., y ? arcsin x , x ? sin y dy Parametric function: dy dt ?, ? dx dx dt i.e., y ? ? (t) , x ?? (t) → t ?? ?1 (x), y ? ?[? ?1 (x)] Implicit function: F (x, y(x)) ? 0 , F (x, f (x)) ? 0 . x ? a cos t x2 ? y2 - a2 ? 0 , y ? a sin t , t?[0,2? ] High derivative y? ? cos x ? sin( x ? ? )  y ? ? cos(x ? ? ) ? sin(x ? 2 ? ? ) y=sinx 2 , 2 2 B APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Monotonicity If S is an interval of real numbers and f(x) is defined for all x in S, then： f(x) is increasing on S ? f(x) is decreasing on S ? Find the monotone interval Find domain of the function, f ?(x) ? 0 for all x in S, and f ?(x) ? 0 for all x in S. Find f ?(x) , and x which make f ?(x) ? 0, Draw sign diagram, find the monotone interval. Maxima/Minima, Horizontal inflection, Stationary point C INTEGRAL The idea of definite integral We define the unique number between all lower and upper sums as ? b f (x)dx a and call it “the definite integral of f (x) from a to b”, i.e., ?n?1 f (x i )?x??b a f (x)dx??n f (x i )?x where ?x ? b