Brown和Levinson的礼貌策略课件.pptxVIP

Brown and Levinson ’s Politeness Strategy 1 nPerhaps the most thorough treatment ofthe concept ofpoliteness is that ofPenelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, which was first published in 1978 and then reissued, with a long introduction, in 1987. 2 nBrown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in four strategies, which correspond to these examples: bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record- indirect strategy. 3 Bald on-record . The bald on-record strategy does nothing to minimize threats to the hearers “face”. • An emergency: Help! • Task oriented: Give me those! • Request: Put yourjacket away. • Alerting: Turn your lights on! (while driving) 4 Positive Politeness . The positive politeness strategy shows you recognize that your hearer has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity . 5 Strategies St. 1 Notice, attend to H Suggests that S should take notice ofaspects ofH’s conditions. Examples: “Goodness you cut your hair! … By the way I came to borrow some sugar.” “What a beautiful dress! Where was it bought?” “We ate too many beans tonight, didn’t we?” St. 2 Exaggerate This often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other “You are a fantastic cook, the lunch was great!” “How absolutely marvelous/ extraordinary/ …..” 6 aspects ofprosodic. Examples: Strategies St. 3 Intensify interest to H S intensify the interest ofhis own contribution, by “making a “I come into his room, and what do you think I see? – a huge 7 mess all over the place and right in the middle, a naked ….” St. 4 Use in- group identity makers Using any ofthe innumerable ways to convey in- group membership: address forms, language or dialect, jargon or slang and ellipses. Examples: “Honey, can you give me the beer?” “Hey brother, what’s going on?” “How about a drink?” good story” and draw H as a participant into the conversation with direct quest