分析创意旅行.pdfVIP

Introduction • ‘the enactment of cultural models re-presents actors everywhere as similar in nature, pursuing similar purposes by similar means, even as action in specific contexts varies... (Boli and Thomas, 1997: 173). • nning, municipal management, administration and engineering concepts have often gained universal appeal and travelled • Examination of ‘model’ ns or cities is often a prelude to many contemporary nning exercises • Though modelling is only one among several mechanisms through which the urban is also transnational Transnational history • Early 1900s: ‘It was the only moment when ideas on the future of the life in large cities were discussed by international bodies unfettered, to a large extent, by the constraints of practical politics. For a brief moment, charity, self-interest and welfare had been brought into an international town nning movement aimed at securing the greatest good for the future’ (Meller herry, 1996: 34). • Saunier: era of the ‘urban internationale’ – composed of annual congresses and transnational organisations and international foundations concerned with promulgating practices relating to municipal affairs – created from the very early 1900s onwards. Transnational history • Carnegie, Rockefeller and Ford foundations promoted certain values and indirectly promoted US versions of municipality – felt themselves to be the bearers of modernity in municipal affairs – Main arena of travel historically was the Atlantic – Trans-Atlantic connections remain strong BUT today: Europe (aegis of EC) and Pacfic? • ‘universalization processes are influenced by a balance of power, even if this is often repudiated or concealed. There is an inequality in in lectual exchange relations, even