乙型肝炎疫苗接种.pptxVIP

乙型肝炎疫苗、卡介苗接种;一、乙型肝炎流行情况 二、乙型肝炎疫苗接种 三、卡介苗接种 四、报表填写;乙型肝炎是一个严重的卫生问题。全球60亿人口中，约1/2人口生活在HBV高流行区，约20亿人证明有HBV感染，约3.5亿人为 HBV慢性感染，其中25%～40%最终将死于肝硬化和肝癌。世界卫生组织报告，全球前10位疾病死因中乙肝占第7位，每年约 100万人死于HBV感染相关的肝衰竭、肝硬化和肝癌。;Global Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection, Geographic Distribution of Chronic HBV infection* Approximately 45% of the global population live in areas with a high prevalence of chronic HBV infection ( 8% of the population is HBsAg?positive); 43% in areas with a moderate prevalence (2%?7% of the population is HBsAg?positive); and 12% in areas with a low prevalence ( 2% of the population is HBsAg?positive). In high prevalence areas, the lifetime risk of HBV infection is 60%, and most infections are acquired at birth or during early childhood when the risk of developing chronic infection is greatest. In these areas, because most infections in children are asymptomatic, very little acute disease related to HBV occurs, but rates of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in adults are very high. In moderate prevalence areas, the lifetime risk of being infected is 20%?60% and infections occur in all age groups. Acute disease related to HBV is common in these areas because many infections occur in adolescents and adults; however, the high rates of chronic infection are maintained mostly by infections occurring in infants and children. In low prevalence areas, the lifetime risk of infection is 20%. Most HBV infections in these areas occur in adults in relatively well defined risk groups. *(Note: The map of HBsAg prevalence generalizes available data and patterns may vary within countries.);（三）我国乙型肝炎的流行情况 2002年全国乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查表明，我国一般人群中HBsAg流行率为9.09%，估计约1.2亿人为慢性HBV感染。其中慢性乙肝约3 000万例。全国每年死于与乙肝相关肝病约30万例。;据世界卫生组织估计，HBV疫苗接种组的乙肝感染率较未接种组下降77％。我国对河北、湖南、广东、广西、上海、北京等6 个HBV疫苗观察点调查表明，接种组乙肝表面抗原较未接种组下降14.4倍。我国台湾和广西均???资料报道，婴儿常规乙肝疫苗免疫不仅可预防急性乙肝，还可降低慢性乙肝发病率和死亡率。;经血和血制品传播：对献血员筛查HBsAg后显著降低 母婴传播：围生 (产) 期传播是母婴传播的主要方式，多为分时接触HBV阳性母亲的血液和体液传播(Ⅰ) 经破损的皮肤和黏膜传播： 未严格消毒的医疗器械、注射器(Ⅱ-2)侵入性诊疗操作和手术(Ⅱ-2) 静脉内滥用毒品(Ⅰ) 修足、纹