操作系统_第3章_内存管理.docx

操作系统

第三章内存管理

死锁

及解决方法

内容

l产生死锁与饥饿的原因

l解决死锁的方法

l死锁/同步的经典问题：哲学家进餐问题

Deadlock

lPermanentblockingofasetofprocessesthateithercompeteforsystemresourcesorcommunicatewitheachother.

lNoefficientsolution.

lInvolveconflictingneedsforresourcesbytwoormoreprocesses.

Eg

Eg.ProcessPandQcompetetwo

resources,Theirgeneralformsare:

ProcessPProcessQ

……

GetAGetB

……

GetBGetA

……

ReleaseAReleaseB

……

ReleaseBReleaseA

……

死锁与进程的推进顺序有关。若修改P的代码，则不会产生死锁

ReusableResources(可重用资源)

lUsedbyoneprocessatatimeandnotdepleted(耗尽)bythatuse.

lProcessesobtainresourcesthattheylaterreleaseforreusebyotherprocesses.

lProcessors,I/Ochannels,mainandsecondarymemory,files,databases,andsemaphores.

lDeadlockoccursifeachprocessholdsoneresourceand

requeststheother.

ExampleofDeadlock

AnotherExampleofDeadlock

lSpaceisavailableforallocationof200Kbytes,andthefollowingsequenceofeventsoccur.

P1

...

Request80Kbytes;

...

lDeadlockoccursif

lDeadlockoccursifbothprocessesprogress

P2

...

totheirsecondrequest

totheirsecondrequest.

Reque.st.8Kbytes;

ConsumableResources(可消耗资源)

lCreated(produced)anddestroyed(consumed)byaprocess.

lInterrupts,signals,messages,andinformationinI/O

buffers.

l此类死锁是由于设计失误造成的

l此类死锁是由于设计失误造成的，

很难发现，且潜伏期较长

ExampleofDeadlock

lDeadlockoccursifreceiveisblocking

P1

...

Receive(P2)

.

...

Send(P2,M1);

P2

...

Receive(P1);

...

Send(P1,M2);

ConditionsforDeadlock

lMutualexclusion(互斥)

●onlyoneprocessmayusearesourceatatime.

lHold-and-wait(保持并等待)

●Aprocessmayholdallocatedresourceswhileawaitingassignmentofotherresources.

ConditionsforDeadlock

lNopreemption(不剥夺)

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