(全英文)discussion-of-tropes本科学位论文.docVIP

Discussion?of?tropes

A??trope?is?any?departure?from?ordinary?language?in?a?text.?The?term?implies?a?turning?away?from?common?uses?of?words.?That?means?“trope”?is?the?use?of?a?word?or?expression?in?a?different?sense?from?that?which?properly?belongs?to?it,?the?use?of?a?word?or?expression?as?changed?from?the?original?signification?to?author,?for?the?sake?of?giving?life?or?emphasis?to?an?idea,?a?figure?of?speech,?etc.

Tropes?are?chiefly?of?four?kinds:?smile,?metaphor,?metonymy?and?synecdoche.

Smile

Smile?is?a?comparison?between?two?different?things?that?resemble?each?other?in?at?least?one?way.?In?formal?prose?the?simile?is?a?device?both?of?art?and?explanation,?comparing?an?unfamiliar?thing?to?some?familiar?thing?(an?object,?event,?process,?etc.)?known?to?the?reader.

A?variety?of?ways?exists?for?invoking?the?simile.?Here?are?a?few?of?the?possibilities:

x?is?like?y

?x?is?not?like?y

?x?is?the?same?as?y

?

x?is?more?than?y

?x?is?less?than?y

?x?does?y;?so?does?z

?

x?is?similar?to?y

?x?resembles?y

?x?is?as?y?as?z

?

x?is?y?like?z

?x?is?more?y?than?z

?x?is?less?y?than?z

?

For?example:

l??And?money?is?like?muck,?not?good?except?it?be?spread.?--Francis?Bacon

l??My?mistress#39;?eyes?are?nothing?like?the?sun.?.?.?.?–Shakespeare

Metaphor

??Metaphor?compares?two?different?things?by?speaking?of?one?in?terms?of?the?other.?Unlike?a?simile?or?analogy,?metaphor?asserts?that?one?thing?is?another?thing,?not?just?that?one?is?like?another.?Very?frequently?a?metaphor?is?invoked?by?the?to?be?verb.?E.g.

l?????????Then?Jesus?declared,?I?am?the?bread?of?life.?–John

???The?comparison?assumes?different?forms:

l????????This?first?beam?of?hope?that?had?ever?darted?into?his?mind?rekindled?youth?in?his?cheeks?and?doubled?the?luster?of?his?eyes.?--Samuel?Johnson

Metonymy

?Metonymy?is?another?form?of?trope,?very?similar?to?synecdoche?(and,?in?fact,?some?rhetoricians?do?not?distinguish?between?the?two),?in?which?the?thing?chosen?for?the?metaphorical?image?is?closely?associated?with?(but?not?an?actual?part?o