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SpeechActTheory
(言语行为理论);JohnLangshawAustin(1911-1960);I.Howitoriginated;Speechacttheorycamefromaseriesoflecturesgiven
byAustinatHarvardUniversityin1955,whichwere
broughttogetherinbookformbyJ.O.Urmoson,based
onAustin’sownlecturenotesandrecordingsofhis
lectures:“Howtodothingswithwords”.
Austinwasnotalinguistbutaphilosopherworking
atOxfordUniversityinthe1940’sand1950’s.;Austin,hisalmostequallyinfluentialpupilH.P.Grice
andagroupoflike-mindedphilosophersworkingat
Oxfordandelsewherecametobeknownas“ordinary
languagephilosopher.”
;
Austinbelievedthatthereisalotmoretoalanguage
thanthemeaningofitswordsandphrases.Hewas
convincedthatwedonotjustuselanguagetosay
things(tomakestatements),buttodothings
(performactions).;Itwasthisconvictionwhicheventuallyledhimtoa
theoryofwhathecalledillocutionaryacts,atheory
whichexamineswhatkindsofthingswedowhenwe
speak,howwedothemandhowouractsmay‘succeed’
or‘fail’,buthebeganexploringhisideasbywayofthe
“performativehypothesis”(施为、述行假设).
;
“Itwasfortoolongtheassumptionofphilosophersthat
thebusinessofa‘statement’canonlybeto‘describe’
somestateofaffairs,orto‘statesomefacts’,whichit
mustdoeithertrulyorfalsely.;Grammarians,indeed,haveregularlypointedoutthatnotall‘sentencesarestatements:thereare,traditionally,besidesstatements,alsoquestionsandexclamations,andsentencesexpressingcommandsorwishesor
concessions.
Notalltrueorfalsestatementsaredescriptions,
andforthisreasonIprefertousetheword‘Constative’
〔表述句〕.;III.ThePerformativeHypothesis
〔施为句假设〕;Featuresofperformatives
firstperson,
declarative,
indicative,
active,
simplepresenttense;(performative)(constative)
IpromiseI’llbethe
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