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【原文】

UpgradinginGlobalValueChains

Theaimofthispaperistoe*plorehowsmall-andmedium-sizedLatinAmerican

enterprises(SMEs)mayparticipateinglobalmarketsinawaythatprovidesfor

sustainablegrowth.Thismaybedefinedasthe‘‘highroad’’to

petitiveness,contrastingwiththe‘‘lowroad,’’typicaloffirmsfrom

developingcountries,whichoftenpetebysqueezingwagesandprofitmargins

ratherthanbyimprovingproductivity,wages,andprofits.Thekeydifference

betweenthehighandthelowroadtopetitivenessisoftene*plainedbythe

differentcapabilitiesoffirmsto‘‘upgrade.’Inthispaper,upgradingrefers

tothecapacityofafirmtoinnovatetoincreasethevalueaddedofitsproducts

andprocesses(HumphreySchmitz,2002a;KaplinskyReadman,2001;Porter,

1990).

CapitalizingononeofthemostproductiveareasoftherecentliteratureonSMEs,

werestrictourfieldofresearchtosmallenterpriseslocatedinclusters.Thereisnowa

wealthofempiricalevidence(Humphrey,1995;NadviSchmitz,1999;Rabellotti,

1997)showingthatsmallfirmsinclusters,bothindevelopedand

developingcountries,areabletooveresomeofthemajorconstraintstheyusually

face:lackofspecializedskills,difficultaccesstotechnology,inputs,market,

information,credit,ande*ternalservices.

Nevertheless,theliteratureonclusters,mainlyfocusedonthelocalsourcesof

petitivenessingfromintraclusterverticalandhorizontalrelationships

generating‘‘collectiveefficiency’’(Schmitz,1995),hasoftenneglectedthe